M. Vasiljevic1, F. Chiabrera2, D. Alikin3, F. Motti4, A. Bergne1, J. Zamudio-García1 X. Qin1, D.Dagur4, S. Yun1, D. Marrero-López5, G. Vinai4, I. Castelli1, A. Kholkin3 V. Esposito1 1 Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark 2 Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC), Barcelona, Spain 3 Department of Physics & CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal 4 CNR - Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM), Area Science Park, Trieste, Italy 5 Universidad de Málaga, Dpto. de Física Aplicada I, Málaga, Spain e-mail: mivas@dtu.dk Acknowledgments We acknowledge Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste for providing access to its synchrotron radiation facilities under Proposal No. 20230405. and for financial support under the IUS internal project. This research is supported by the MANTRA (Villum Experiment, grant no. 413 40412) and the Horizon Europe Framework Programme (HORIZON-TMA-MSCA-SE), project no 101131229, Piezoelectricity in 2D-materials: materials, modeling, and applications (PIEZO 2D). VE acknowledges the Danish Council for Independent Research Technology and Production Sciences for the DFF- Research Projects 2 (Grants No. 48293, 48592 and 1032- 00261B) and partially the DEMETRA (M-ERA.NET project number 2118-00006B). This work has been partially performed in the framework of the Nanoscience Foundry and Fine Analysis (NFFAMUR Italy Progetti Internazionali) facility. Original paper M. Vasiljevic et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 16, 50679, (2024); DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c09477. Figure 1. Schematic representation of the thin film samples: (a) with polarisation up Pu and polarisation down Pd; (b) XAS of upward downward polarised film at the Ti L2,3 edge, indicating Ic in orange and Iab in blue symbols. In the bottom part is XLD=Ic-Iab. (c) PFM after polarisation switching using biased probe scanning, which indicates upward Pu (left) and downward Pd (right) polarisation in the samples; (d) comparison among the contact potential difference of the different polarised CeO2/BaTiO3 and reference ceria measured by KPFM. (e) Schematic representation of the experimental setup with the sample exposed to air and argon atmosphere. Typical SSPFM hysteresis loops measured in atmospheric conditions for BTO and CeO2/BaTiO3 films with polarisation upward and downward, respectively. Adapted from M. Vasiljevic et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 16, 50679, (2024); DOI: 10.1021/ acsami.4c09477. Fig. 1 Surfaces and Interfaces Elettra Highlights 2024–2025 107
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