KAOS publications and resources
The KAOS web section is based on the published PADReS and KAOS literature. The references below document the development of the system, its performance, diagnostic methods, active optics concepts and its use within the FERMI photon transport architecture.
Selected KAOS and PADReS papers
| PADReS overview and commissioning | M. Zangrando et al., “Recent results of PADReS, the Photon Analysis Delivery and REduction System, from the FERMI FEL commissioning and user operations,” Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 22, 565-570 (2015). DOI: 10.1107/S1600577515004580. | Places KAOS in the full FERMI photon transport, diagnostics and refocusing architecture. |
| KAOS performance analysis | L. Raimondi et al., “Kirkpatrick-Baez active optics system at FERMI: system performance analysis,” Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, 1462-1472 (2019). DOI: 10.1107/S1600577519007938. | Reports the upgraded system, WISER simulations, WFS optimization and the FEL2 micrometre-scale spot. |
| Focal spot tomography | A. Simoncig et al., “Tomography of a seeded free-electron laser focal spot: qualitative and quantitative comparison of two reconstruction methods for spot size characterization,” Optics Express 29, 36086-36108 (2021). DOI: 10.1364/OE.430388. | Compares PMMA ablation imprints and Hartmann WFS reconstructions of the FERMI focal spot. |
| KAOS evolution | M. Manfredda et al., “The Evolution of KAOS, a Multipurpose Active Optics System for EUV/Soft X-rays,” Synchrotron Radiation News 35(2), 29-36 (2022). DOI: 10.1080/08940886.2022.2066432. | Summarizes the in-house development, operational maturity and transfer to FLASH. |
| Microfocusing and WISE | L. Raimondi et al., “Microfocusing of the FERMI@Elettra FEL beam with a K-B active optics system: spot size predictions by application of the WISE code,” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 710, 131-138 (2013). DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2012.11.039. | Introduces physical-optics simulations for predicting the KAOS focal spot from mirror metrology. |
| Beam shaping | D. Spiga et al., “X-ray beam-shaping via deformable mirrors: analytical computation of the required mirror profile,” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 710, 125-130 (2013). DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2012.10.117. | Provides the analytical framework for beam shaping with deformable mirrors. |
Related PADReS pages
Figure credits
Figures used in the KAOS web section are adapted from PADReS/KAOS publications authored by the PADReS and FERMI optics teams. When uploaded to the CMS, please keep captions indicating the source paper and DOI whenever possible.
Last Updated on Friday, 03 July 2026 12:26
